在竞争对手陷入破产的境地时，高盛很大程度上避免了信贷相关的损失，但既便如此，高盛还是出现了赤字。
Even Goldman Sachs, which largely avoided large credit-related losses while rivals went bust, plunged into the red.
罚金函数是保险公司破产前瞬间盈余和破产时赤字的函数。
Penalty function is the function of the deficit at ruin and the surplus immediately before ruin.
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