除了首先要识别灵魂是什么以外，还有两个观点对灵魂理论提出了争议。

Other than the general problem of identifying what souls are in the first place, two arguments have been suggested against soul theory.

youdao

同样，他对毕达哥拉斯学派关于灵魂转世的教条持批评的态度，并将这种教条扩展并调侃道：一个人的灵魂能够寄居在另一种动物的身体中。

Likewise, he criticized Pythagoras' doctrine of the transmigration of souls, making fun of the idea that a human soul could inhabit another animal.

youdao

灵魂，或者是我们根据准则而所谓的灵魂，是对身体行为的一种超自然的批评，这种超自然的批评永远的存在于我们流动的思想之中。

The soul, or the principle that we call the soul, is the supernal criticism of the deeds done in the body, which goes perpetually on in the waking mind.

youdao

I think even soul's emotion... People are a little too off for good church, for good church people. -Right.

这也和“灵魂情感“有关。。。,人们对按时拜谒教会这件事，太冷淡，-是的。

普林斯顿公开课 - 人性课程节选

To state the obvious, Socrates introduces this analogy to help the brothers better understand what justice is for an individual soul.

说明白些就是，苏格拉底导入这项比拟,以协助兄弟档更了解,正义对个人灵魂的重要性。

耶鲁公开课 - 政治哲学导论课程节选

This image of the afterlife is founded on the orthodox figure for eternity. The body stays to the earth while the soul, like the day-star, rises to the sky.

关于来生的这幅画面是建立在正统基督教,对永生的信仰上的，肉体归于泥土,灵魂却会像启明星一样升上天空。

耶鲁公开课 - 弥尔顿课程节选