条目的得分概率与潜在特质呈特定的回归关系，这些关系通常称为各种数学模型。

There is a certain regression between the score probability of an item and the latent trait, and the regressions are usually represented as mathematic models.

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不同的潜在特质，适用于不同特性的条目来测量，这将提高测量精度和测验效率。

A given level of latent trait could be measured by specially featured items, so that the measurement accuracy and test efficacy will be increased.

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若观测变量和潜在特质之间的关系在相比较的群体之间等同，就称该量表具备测量等价性。

Equivalent measurement is obtained when the relations between observed test scores and the latent attribute measured by the test are identical across subpopulations.

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Very clear about who again the ideal statesman or reader potential statesman the reader of this book would be.

清楚地描绘出,理想的政治家或读者,本书潜在政治家读者的特质。

耶鲁公开课 - 政治哲学导论课程节选