贫困者的另一项重要能力是风险应对，即尽管收入波动，通过减少消费变化，事后应对冲击。

Another important capacity for the poor is risk coping, i.e. dealing with shocks ex-post by reducing variability in consumption in spite of income fluctuations.

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最大的变化是人们可以获得更多关于人和事物的数据，这使得实物资产可以作为服务进行分割和消费。

The big change is the availability of more data about people and things, which allows physical assets to be divided and consumed as services.

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这就是为什么要由消费者来决定芯片和个人识别码的变化。

That's why it may be up to consumers to move the needle on chip and PIN.

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The correlation across countries in consumption changes is low.

国家间的消费相关性,变化很小。

耶鲁公开课 - 金融市场课程节选

And what happened is, over a 30-year or so period, the industry really shifted to be one where industry standards started to come into play, the customers started to have a bigger role.

经过了30年左右，这个行业发生了变化,出现了产业标准，消费者的角色也越来越重要。

斯坦福公开课 - 戴尔CEO-Michael.Dell谈创业和发展课程节选

Some of this can be done if consumers make different choices in what they eat, but some can be silent changes too, so Frito-Lay taking the Trans fats out of their products and switching them with a healthier fat is a silent change that could have a positive impact on public health.

有些只要消费者选择其它的食物即可做到,但也有些变化是悄无声息的,菲多利将其产品中的反式脂肪,替换成更健康的脂肪就并未声张,这对大众健康有着积极的影响

耶鲁公开课 - 关于食物的心理学、生物学和政治学课程节选