基于族群、出生地、语言背景和教育的歧视只可能部分理解降低成本风险的的商业决策。
Discrimination on the basis of ethnicity, place of origin, linguistic background, or education, can be partly understood simply as a cost - and risk-reducing business decision.
研究发现，当所有进口国对所有出口国无歧视的采用同一SPS措施的情况下，遵从成本被各国分摊，对于单个出口国来说，这时遵从成本最低。
It was found that the compliance cost were shared when all exporter adopt un-discriminatively the SPS measures to all importer, and the compliance cost is the lowest for a single exporter.
本文在给定市场划分条件下，研究了客户转换成本约束下垄断厂商的利润最大化问题，把完全价格歧视和零歧视两种极端情形拓展到一般形式。
This paper analyzes the problem of maximizing the profit of monopoly market under the consumer switching condition which extents it from perfect price discrimination and uniform price to general form.
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