从那时开始，人们发现量子群在很多领域都有着深刻的应用，范围遍及理论物理、辛几何、扭结理论与约化代数群的模表示理论等。

Since then they have found numerous and deep applications in areas ranging from theoretical physics, symplectic geometry, knot theory, and modular representations of reductive algebraic groups.

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根据部分相干光的相干模表示法，推导了由部分相干光源所产生光束的相位一空间积Q。

The generalized expression for the phase-space product Q of a beam generated from a partially coherent source is presented by using coherent-mode representation of partially coherent beams.

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本文讨论了信号处理中的一个基本问题——复信号以正交实信号表示时的模值计算。

This article discusses how to find out the amplitude of complex expressed by quadrature real signals, which is a fundamental problem in signal processing.

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If you drop the arrow, it's the usual convention, if you're talking about the length of the vector A.

如果你把箭头去掉,就表示矢量 A 的模长,这是约定俗成的

耶鲁公开课 - 基础物理课程节选

A is the length of A.

表示矢量 A 的模长

耶鲁公开课 - 基础物理课程节选