这些成本预测方法是通过分析或者模拟的形式，从Palladio模型(PCM的实例)中计算出标准结果(例如反应时间)。

The approaches, by means of analyse or simulation, calculate metrics (e.g. response time) from Palladio models (instance of the PCM).

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除了业务领域的知识外，还可以通过分析所开发的应用程序的系统上下文来创建存根和模拟器(请参见图2)。

(you won't have access to this.) Apart from the business domain knowledge, you can create stubs and simulators by analyzing the system context of the application being developed (see Figure 2).

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然后，我们进入建模过程，包括如何模拟场景，保持在脑海中，纹理绘画将帮助我们实现我们的外观，所以我们不必过分模拟我们的场景不必要。

We then go into the modeling process covering how to model the scene, keeping in mind that texturing painting will help us achieve most of our look so we don't over-model our scene unnecessarily.

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