研究人员在20年前就已经发现了吉姆萨阴性细菌，例如大肠杆菌，可以降解并重新利用其核糖核酸。
Researchers have known for more than 20 years how so-called gram-negative bacteria like Escherichia coli degrade and recycle their RNA.
PNA的非天然骨架也使得PNA能有效对抗蛋白酶和核酸酶的降解。
The unnatural backbone of PNAs also means that PNAs are particularly resistant to protease and nuclease degradation.
课程专题包括：能量和力转换的生物分子机器，生物合成与降解途径的调控，以及核酸的结构与功能。
Topics include macromolecular machines for energy and force transduction, regulation of biosynthetic and degradative pathways, and the structure and function of nucleic acids.
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