传统上，物种的亲缘关系是通过对它们的解剖结构的密切比较来确定的。

Traditionally the relatedness of species has been ascertained by a close comparison of their anatomy.

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一个特定地区的植被类型是通过识别和计算那里发现的各种花粉粒来确定的。

The type of vegetation in a specific region is determined by identifying and counting the various pollen grains found there.

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候选服务是基于需求模型来确定的。

Candidate services are identified based on the requirement model.

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I think Milton is encouraging us in these similes to question, really to wrestle with, the theological certainties that the rest of the poem labors to establish.

我想弥尔顿是通过这些比喻来激励我们提出疑问，更多的也在和神学上的确定性相互角力,这是剩下的部分着重要表达的。

耶鲁公开课 - 弥尔顿课程节选

He is exclusively concerned with fiction and how we read fiction, how we come to understand fiction, and how we determine the meaning of a work of fiction.

他只关注文学，以及我们怎样读文学，怎样来理解文学，怎样确定一部文学作品的意义。

耶鲁公开课 - 文学理论导论课程节选

And you lay out some clear guidelines on how much each person should be giving of their income.

您也给出了明确的准则，来确定,每个人该捐赠出多少的收入。

普林斯顿公开课 - 人性课程节选