欧洲从中世纪进展到现代的时候，当中有一个重要的关键则是以前的“朝代国家”(dynastic state)逐渐嬗变而为“民族的国家”(national state)。
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西方国家和繁荣稳定的历代中国朝代之间的贸易促使双方互相引入了新的形式和不同的技术。
Trade between the West and the settled and prosperous Chinese dynasties introduced new forms and different technologies.
从中国成为一个统一的国家-秦朝开始，这个地方一直是后续各个朝代的首都，因此，这里汇聚了众多的历史文化遗迹。
From the first dynasty when China became a unified country, namely the Qin dynasty, this place was the capital of successive dynasties, thus it has many a site of historical and cultural heritage.
具体到史家身上，忧患意识主要表现为对于朝代、国家的兴亡盛衰的关注，以及对于社会治乱安稳、民生生存的终极关怀。
As for historians, such awareness is a concern about the ups and downs of the court and the country and a care for the social stability and peoples living.
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