“首要问题是前期成本问题”南卡罗莱纳大学工程副教授Paul Ziehl说。

"No. 1 is the upfront cost issue," said Paul Ziehl, an associate professor of engineering at the University of South Carolina.

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亚马逊也面临这一种新的挑战，这种挑战对于竞争对手沃尔玛也十分熟悉，那就是文化反冲，或者说至少是前期征兆。

Amazon is also facing a new kind of challenge that competitors like Walmart are intimately familiar with-cultural backlash, or at least the early signs of it.

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叶片是前期组织氮素的重要贮存器官和籽粒灌浆中氮素的主要供给源。

The leaf was the major storage organ for nitrogen and the source of nitrogen for grain filling.

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What do you mean, a fore-structure or a fore-project or a fore-having?

前结构，前期工程或者预先设想是什么意思？

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