波德莱尔认为摄影是“艺术和科学的一个非常卑微的仆人”；是一种很大程度上无法超越“外部现实”的媒介。

Baudelaire regarded photography as "a very humble servant of art and science"; a medium largely unable to transcend "external reality".

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但在发明摄影术后的几十年里，这个问题反映了对如何将机械媒介融入传统艺术表达方案的探索。

But in the decades following the discovery of photography, this question reflected the search for ways to fit the mechanical medium into the traditional schemes of artistic expression.

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只是在一个世纪后的现在，当电子媒介诸如摄影和录像从绘画中夺取了对先锋地位的控制后，塞尚的影响才开始渐渐减弱。

Only now, a century later, when electronic media such as photography and video have wrested control of the vanguard from painting, is Cezanne's shadow beginning to fade.

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