要理解一个名词，就必须熟悉那个名词指代的东西。

To understand a name you must be acquainted with the particular of which it is a name.

youdao

这么说吧。它所指代的东西，男人有，女人就没有。

I'll just say that it's the same word for that thing that men have and women don't.

youdao

想要诉说非洲与人权之外的故事是Mr Gourevitch为什么在他的多数报告中选择使用姓式来指代的一个原因。

The need to tell the story beyond the Africanist and human rights audience was one reason why Mr Gourevitch chose to use first names in much of his reporting.

youdao

It's not that other thing, but, generally speaking, the point about a sign is that it's not any other thing.

总的来说，这个符号总是清楚的指代，这件事而不是那件事。

耶鲁公开课 - 文学理论导论课程节选

Even more dangerously, from the standpoint of anybody who likes poetry, he talks instead of "statement," meaning science, and "pseudo-statement," meaning poetry.

更危险的是，在任何一个热爱诗歌的人看来，他转用“陈述“指代科学，用“伪陈述“指代诗歌。

耶鲁公开课 - 文学理论导论课程节选

As you know, in classical literature the dead are referred to as shades, but here in Milton's simile "shades" merely means "shade trees."

在古典文学里，逝者常被用树荫来指代，而在这里弥尔顿的比喻“树荫“仅表示“叶绿成荫的树“

耶鲁公开课 - 弥尔顿课程节选