主要是明显的尺寸效应和凝固、收缩、应力等问题，避免或减少铸铁井盖的成分偏析、变形、开裂等缺陷的产生。
Is mainly the size effect and solidification, shrinkage, stress and other issues clearly, to avoid or reduce the segregation, iron manhole cover deformation and crack defects.
疲劳强度低于弹性极限或屈服强度等静应力强度。
Fatigue strength is less than static stress strength such as elasticity limit, yield strength.
在汽轮机调峰运行方式中，由于启动或负荷大幅度波动，都将在汽缸壳体等部件上产生较大的热应力。
The high thermal stress on the cylinder of a running engine could be caused by the starting and large variation of the load.
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