有效性是论证或推理理论的核心概念。

The validity is a central concept of theory of argument or reasoning.

youdao

否定式定罪三段论的问题可以通过定义置换方法或推理变换方法予以解决。

The question of negative conviction syllogism can be solved by means of either definition substitution or inference conversion.

youdao

这些形容词共有的中心意思是。由冲动或奇想而非判断力或推理决定或得出的。

The central meaning Shared by these adjectives is. Determined by or arising from whim or caprice rather than judgment or reason.

youdao

And the family of arguments that we're considering initially are arguments that get known as inference or inferences to the best explanation.

我们首先会想到的一类,则是那种,被称作推理的论证,或叫做,最佳解释推理

耶鲁公开课 - 死亡课程节选

It's an everyday occurrence that we can think and reason and feel and be creative, or choose otherwise and have free will.

我们能思考推理,感知创造,或能做出不同的选择,拥有自由意志,都是每天存在的事

耶鲁公开课 - 死亡课程节选

For reason, he writes in a famous passage, "for reason is nothing but reckoning, that is adding and subtracting the consequences of general names agreed upon."

对理性而言，他在一个著名的段落中写到，“推理就是一种计算，也就是将公认为标示或表明思想的,普通名词所构成的序列相加减“

耶鲁公开课 - 政治哲学导论课程节选