宾夕法尼亚大学的心理学教授马丁·塞利格曼指出，意志消沈是由挫败感和无助引发的。

University of Pennsylvania psychologist Martin Seligman points out that depression is caused by feelings of failure and helplessness.

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当英国心理学家威廉.麦独孤（1871-1938）说，“意志就是行动中的品质”的时候，他是什么意思？

When British psychologist William Mcdougall (1871 ~ 1938) said, “Will is character in action, ” what did he mean?

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运动心理学的选材指标中，认知焦虑、运动智力、意志力、敢为性指标与运动员的竞技能力相关密切。

In the indexes of sport psychology, the cognitive anxiety, sport intelligence, volition and braveness have the important relation with the sport ability of the basketball athletes.

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And there are some philosophers and psychologists who do just that, who claim that free will and responsibility and spiritual value and intrinsic value are all illusions; they're pre-scientific notions that get washed away in modern science or you could try to reconcile them.

一些哲学家和心理学家便是如此,他们认为,自由意志,责任,精神价值,内在价值,这些都是幻象,都是些前科学的概念,应当从现代科学中清洗出去,或者你可以试着将二者调和

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