长久以来梭形细胞被认为只存在于人类和其他类人猿的大脑中,直到2006梭形细胞也在座头鲸、长须鲸、虎鲸和抹香鲸大脑的同样区域上被发现。
Long believed to exist only in the brains of humans and other great apes, in 2006 spindle cells were discovered in the same brain areas in humpback whales, fin whales, killer whales, and sperm whales.
细胞每复制自己一次(细胞在死亡之前都会如此),其端粒就会缩短,就像鞋带的塑料头会磨损一样。
Each time a cell replicates itself (as it does before it dies), the telomeres shorten, like plastic tips fraying on the end of shoelaces.
所有老鼠都出现头蛋白神经细胞缠结早期症状,在迷宫中难于找到走出方向。但是,服用尼古丁老鼠比未服用尼古丁的老鼠情况更糟。
All the rats showed early signs of tau tangles and had difficulty navigating a maze, but the rats that were on nicotine did worse than those that were not.
I said this sentence in one of the first two classes, 'all cells are the same', and you know that's true.
我曾在头两节课的哪里讲过,所有细胞都是一样的,你们知道的
Take a step way back and think about what's the basic mechanism by which cells receive signals.
现在让我们回过头来思考,细胞接收信号的基本原理
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