adj. surface-to-surface
湿地对地下水，即地表以下的水量影响很大。
Wetlands have a big effect on groundwater, the amount of water below the surface of the land.
她的研究表明，人在跑步时，脚每次着地对地面的压力相当于自身体重的四倍，而竞走者不完全离开地面，其每步的压力只有自身体重的1.4倍。
According to her research, runners hit the ground with as much as four times their body weight per step, while race walkers, who do not leave the ground, create only about 1.4 times their body weight with each step.
我支持有力地对地区产生积极改变的非暴力行动。
What I do support is vigorous nonviolent action to effect positive change in the region.
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