咬伤(bite mark)是指人或动物的上下颌牙齿咬合所致的损伤,在攻击和防御时均可形成。由于人体牙弓形态、牙的排列和疏密以及生理、病理变化的不同,加之又会有牙的修复、脱落等变化的影响,所以牙的咬痕具有良好的个体特异性。
每年这个国家有五万多个孩子被狗咬伤。
Every year in this country more than 50,000 children are bitten by dogs.
它通过受感染跳蚤的咬伤、直接接触、吸入和极少摄入传染物在动物与人之间传播。
It is transmitted between animals and humans by the bite of infected fleas, direct contact, inhalation and rarely, ingestion of infective materials.
如果我们意识到我对自己将要死去的事实无能为力,那么也许一些刺痛,一些咬伤,就会消失。
If we then realize that there's nothing I can do about the fact that I'm going to die, then perhaps some of the sting, some of the bite, is eliminated.
Now the pain of a bite, being bit, and then the pain and fear of that is an unconditioned stimulus, unconditioned response.
咬伤所带来的疼痛感,和有此所带来的痛苦与恐惧,就是无条件刺激和无条件反应。
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