②周围淋巴器官（peripheral lymphoid organ）：如淋巴结、脾和扁桃体，它们在机体出生后数月才逐渐发育完善，中枢淋巴器官不断地将淋巴细胞输入周围淋巴器官。
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结论术前EUS可了解直肠癌的浸润程度，有无淋巴结转移及周围器官受累情况，对手术方式有很大的帮助。
Conclusion EUS can show the depth of invasion, metastasis of lymph nodes and other organ damage in rectal cancer before operation, it has important value for the mode of surgical treatment.
转移癌由癌向周围组织局部扩散或通过淋巴系统和血流向其他器官和淋巴结扩散。
Metastatic cancer spreads from a tumor locally to surrounding tissues or regionally to other organs and lymph nodes through the lymphatic system and the blood stream.
区域淋巴结转移、肾周围器官侵犯和肾或腔静脉癌栓是预后不良因素，尤以前二者更为明显。
Regional lymphatic metastasis, invasion of the nearby organs and vena caval cancerous thrombosis were the ominous signs, especially the former two. 83.3% of the patients died of distant metastasis.
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