只有相对原始状态的材料才拥有兰德曼所需要的研究对象，因此他的研究小组必须使用利用电子束表面成像的扫描电子显微镜(下图)去寻找最好的珍珠层。

Only relatively pristine material has the goods Landman is after, so his team USES a scanning electron microscope (below), which utilizes a beam of electrons to image surfaces, to find the best nacre.

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像陡峭山坡上的雪崩一样，一束入射光的脉冲最初仅仅释放少数的电荷载子(charge carrier)，这些电荷载子再轮流释放其他的载子，直到原始信号被放大很多次。

Analogous to a snow avalanche on a steep mountain slope, an incoming light pulse initially frees just a few charge carriers which in turn free others until the original signal is amplified many times.

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