个体选择发生在一个“既定条件”的环境下——即一些为个体所接受作为选择基础的前提；而行为只有处于由这些“既定条件”所设定的限制之中才是适合的。
Individual choice takes place in an environment of 'givens' — premises that are accepted by the individual as bases for choice; and behavior is adaptive only within the limits set by these' givens. '.
所有这些理论都或多或少以一个假设为基础：即人并不是理性的行为体，市场也不总是有效的。
All are based, to one extent or another, on the idea that people are irrational actors, and that markets aren't always efficient.
在处理欺诈行为方面进展最大的国家都具有强有力的财务和医疗问责制度，即以牢固审计制度为基础的适当会计和报告系统。
Countries that have gone furthest in tackling fraud have strong financial and medical accountability systems, i.e. proper accounting and reporting underpinned by solid audit regimes.
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