首先，公司在举越来越多的债务，通过私下发行的贷款工具，而不是采用向大众公开发行证券——比如出售股票或者发行债券，这些都可以进行公开的交易。

First, companies are raising more and more capital through privately issued loan instruments, as opposed to public equity-such as selling stocks or issuing bonds, which can be openly traded.

youdao

投资银行通过上市股票和债券为公司筹资；它们也出售与交易证券，并提供其它服务。

Investment Banks raise money for companies through offerings of stocks and bonds. They also sell and trade securities and provide other services.

youdao