借助于光纤在球面上的折射公式及光线传输方程，分析了这种新型单模光纤端的光学传递性质。
For this new type fiber end, the ray refraction formula at a spherical surface and the ray trace equation are used to analyze ray transformation properties.
根据光线在晶体中的轨迹公式，计算了任意方向入射光所对应的尼科尔棱镜的临界角，得到了尼科尔棱镜的偏振区的限制曲线。
According to ray-tracing formulas of crystal, calculated the critical angles of Nicol prism for incident ray in any direction. Achieves the polarization critical curves of Nicol prism.
根据光线在晶体中的轨迹公式，推导得到了晶体透镜的光线轨迹计算公式。
According to ray tracing formulas for crystal, a set of ray tracing calculating formulas for crystal lens is derived.
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