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本文介绍了光同步数字系列的基本概念、特点及其与PDH 的比较，并简要介绍了目前商用SDH 传送设备及其组网情况。
This paper introduces the basic concept and features of SDH as compared with PDH. The available SDH transport equipment and its networking are also briefly introduced.
通用成帧协议（GFP）不仅是光同步数字传输网上的传输协议，而且是光传输网上的新型数据包传输协议，它具有简单、多协议适配等优点。
Generic framing procedure(GFP) is a new brand of data-packet transmitting protocol on synchronous digital hierarchy(SDH), as well as on optical transport network(OTN).
近年来，科学家们利用大量的粒子加速器或者同步加速器来产生更大的辐射剂量，从而不断地提升X光射线的能量。
In recent years, scientists have been scaling up the power of the X-ray, using massive particle accelerators or synchrotrons to deliver much larger radiation doses.
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