伤食，指因饮食过量、生冷不均、杂食相克而导致食物滞纳在胃，不能消化致使脾胃功能减退而出现腹胀腹痛，吞吐不适的病症。
以前在骨头上发现的牙印，大部分不是攻击性天敌留下的猎伤就是食腐动物在其死后撕扯的痕迹。
Tooth marks on bones have been found before, but often as damage left by attacking predators or scavengers that tore at the carcass after the animal died.
植物在遭受到机械损伤或昆虫取食后释放出的伤诱导挥发物，除了具有间接防御和直接防御功能外，还具有作为报警信号在植株间传递伤害信息的作用。
Both mechanical damage and insect herbivory make plants emit damage-induced volatiles which not only have the functions of indirect and direct defenses but also can server as interplant.
并对啄木鸟(主要是大斑啄木鸟)凿伤健康林木和取食少量天敌、麦粒的情况进行了调查统计。
Furthermore, investigation and statistics were made on damage on healthy trees made by woodpeckers, especially Dendrocopos major and their foraging and feeding on some natural enemies and grains.
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