螺栓荷载是用死荷重来模拟的，以钢球和压钮作为代用件，通过它们将此荷载施加于螺栓孔。
Dead weight loading simulating that of the bolts was applied at the bolt holes through the agency of steel balls and buttons.
这种新牌号合金代用某些常用冷变形模具材料，如工具钢，钨钴合金，模具寿命明显提高。
When this new material is used as cold dies instead of the usual materials, such as tool steels or tungsten carbide, the life of these is longer.
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