...的基础上提出了职业承诺的四维结构模型 假设,包括情感承诺(affeetive),规范承诺(normative),代价承诺(accumulated cost) 和机会承诺(1imited altermatives),并开发了24项目量表。通过研究,验证了假设, 并对量表进行了修正。
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他说,这是作为公民的代价和承诺。
事实上,正是因为意识到对于员工承诺的代价过于昂贵才导致近年来老板们渐渐放弃采用最后薪资养老金计划,而把风险完全转嫁到普通的员工身上。
Indeed, it was the realisation of how expensive that promise had become that led to many employers abandoning final-salary pension schemes in recent years, thereby passing the risk on to workers.
与此同时,工业化国家的企业纷纷付出多倍于被伐土地价值的代价(约为7500美元/公顷)来兑现其限制同等量二氧化碳排放(500吨)的承诺。
Meanwhile, firms in industrialized countries are paying many times the value of the cleared land—about US$7,500—to meet their commitments to limit the same amount of carbon dioxide emissions.
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