比之明代，清代的选官制度有了较大改变。

Compared with the Ming dynasty, the system of selecting officials in Qing dynasty had a big change.

youdao

明代（1368—1644年）以前，印章只是实用品，是人们在交往过程中表明身份的凭信工具。图为汉代的“皇后之玺”。

Before the Ming Dynasty (1368-1644), seals were generally made for practical uses such as identification. The Empress' Seal of the Han Dynasty.

youdao

廷杖不见于明代法律，属于一种法外之刑。

Tingzhang is not written into the law in Ming Dynasty, rather it is the penalty outside the law.

youdao