That's phi is the angle downwards from the z axis.
这个角度是φ，它是从z轴偏转的角度。
That measures the angle down from the positive z-axis.
这是与z正轴的夹角。
By observing the initial Angle of crack arid its propagating path, a simple model to predict the retardation effect of Z-shaped fatigue crack was proposed.
通过观察裂纹的开裂角及扩展路径，提出了一个能用来估算Z型裂纹过载迟滞效应的简单模型。
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