Scientific research is guided by theories, working hypotheses, operational frameworks, and the like.

科学研究需要理论指导，提出假说，操作框架等诸如此类的步骤。

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Any way of hearing and saying is based upon the theoretical frame of working hypotheses made by different schools about symptoms.

任何一种听、说方式都建立在不同学派对症状不同工作假设的理论背景之下。

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Situation A: PhD student A copies a paragraph leading up to one of his hypotheses from a working paper by someone else he found on the web, without citation.

FORBES: I Am an Academic Fraud