How life had first made proteins without enzymes, which presumably had to be proteins themselves, had been a chicken-and-egg conundrum.

生命最初如何在没有酶(可能是蛋白质本身)的情况下合成蛋白质？这是个鸡与蛋谁先产生的难题。

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So the last step on the winding road was the creation of a bacterial strain without any restriction-enzyme genes, and thus without restriction enzymes, so that the team could have a purified reaction vessel in which the new genome could do its thing.

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The Foodys ended up selling enzymes to clarify apple juice, whiten paper, and give blue jeans that stonewashed look, without the stones.

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