For more than a century researchers have known the basics of how limestone caves form: a tiny fracture opens in the rock perhaps due to some internal stress and water begins percolating through it.

超过一个世纪以来，研究者就懂得石灰岩洞形成的基本原理：可能由于内部的压力，石头上出现了微小的裂缝，然后水开始渗透。

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For more than a century, researchers have known the basics of how limestone caves form: a tiny fracture opens in the rock, perhaps due to some internal stress, and water begins percolating through it.

超过一个世纪以来，研究者就懂得石灰岩洞形成的基本原理：可能由于内部的压力，石头上出现了微小的裂缝，然后水开始渗透。

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Gaeton Borgonie of Ghent University and his team found the organisms after sampling deep fracture water from the Beatrix and Driefontein gold mines of South Africa.

根特大学的Gaeton Borgonie和他的团队，在从南非的Beatrix和Driefontein金矿中采集深层断层水样本时发现了这种生物。

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They are encouraging drillers to use tainted coal mine water to hydraulically fracture gas wells in the Marcellus Shale formation, with the twin goals of diverting pollution from streams and rivers that now run orange with mine drainage and reducing the drillers' reliance on fresh sources of water.

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Instead of looking for underground hot water deposits, they drill and fracture relatively warm rock.

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In this process, after a well is drilled, pressurized water is injected into the well to fracture the shale and open fissures that enable natural gas to flow more freely out of the well.

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