There is always a bottoms (or residue) fraction, which is the least volatile residue that has not been separately captured as a condensed vapor.

总有底部残留物（或残液）存在，这是挥发性最小的残液，没有被作为冷凝液而单独收集。

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Oil at sufficiently low pressure that it contains no dissolved gas or a relatively thick oil or residue that has lost its volatile components.

在足够低的压力下不含溶解气的石油或失掉挥发组分的稠油或残油即称为死油。

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Under the experimental condition, one third volatile was yielded during pyrolysis of black liquor solids from wheat straw pulping in the fixed bed pyrolysis apparatus, and other was solid residue.

实验条件下，麦草浆黑液固形物固定床热解后约三分之一转化为挥发分，余下为固体残渣。

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