根据消费当量的定义，当不同消费当量消费同一种产品时，除了一个人以外，所有的消费当量都会有效用损失(utility loss)。理论上讲，只有当产品种类和消费当量数量完全一致时，消费者的效用损失才会为零。
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percentage utility loss 百分数效用损失
percentage of utility loss 效用损失率
profit utility and loss utility 盈亏效用
utility versus money loss 效用亏损与货币亏损的比较
loss averse utility function 损失规避效用理论
On the other hand, consumption behavior has external effects: if the household spend less than other households, they will also have utility loss.
另一方面，消费还具有外部性，如果与他人相比自己的消费水平降低了，消费者的效用也会受到损失。
If you use your computer daily, you should run this utility once a week to help prevent data loss.
如果您每天都使用计算机，你应该每周运行一次此实用工具，帮助防止数据丢失。
Such an attack could result in loss of communication between the utility and meters-and the subsequent denial of power to your home or business.
这样的攻击可能造成电表与供电设施之间通信的中断——最终造成断电。
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