The transition between El Niño and its counterpart, La Niña, is sometimes accompanied by a dramatic surge in phytoplankton productivity as upwelling of nutrient-rich deep water is suddenly renewed.

而在厄尔尼诺以及它相对应的拉尼娜互相转换的过渡期间，有时会伴随着浮游植物生产力的明显提高，这是由于富含养分的深层水的上升流被突然更新了。

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But a sudden influx of fresh water from melting ice could also disrupt the ocean currents that drive upwelling.

“海洋生态系统是由多种资源孕育而非单一依靠冰川，”胡德说，“例如，洋面上升是一种自然循环现象，富含养分的冷水从海底升起，滋养了海面的生物。 但是，由于冰川的融化而导致大量淡水突如其来涌入海洋，这可能会破坏洋流的正常循环。”

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On basis of location, water dynamic, nutrient loading, red tides are classified as six types of estuary type, bay type, culture zone, coastal water type, upwelling type and open sea.

根据赤潮灾害发生的空间位置、水动力、 营养物质来源等因素，将赤潮灾害类型划分为河口型、海湾型、养殖型、沿岸流型、上升流型和外海型六类。

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