传统的阅读理论把阅读过程看作是一个被动的接受过程,是一个自下而上的模式(bottom-up models),即从文本到人脑的过程。这种模式把读者看为由字母—单词—短语—句子—段落—篇章的解码者。
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bottom-up models 自下而上的模式 ; 由下而上 ; 上模型
check-up models 成绩考核模式
start-up models 启动压力
setting up econometric models 建立经济计量模型
Finally in this context, it is worth noting the relationship between the top-down and bottom-up models of service enablement.
本部分的最后,值得注意服务实现的自上而下(top - down)和自下而上(bottom - up)模型之间联系。
Adopt the right approach in identification of services by using both domain decomposition business process models and bottom-up models.
通过同时使用领域分解业务流程模型和自底向上的模型,从而在服务标识过程中采用正确的方法。
There is no certain principle in dressing up models, and you can try every way with your own distinct taste to make them pretty and attractive.
在装扮模特方面,并无具体原则;你可以依据个人品位,尝试所有方法,使她(他)们变得漂亮且引人注目。
Obviously this opens up the possibility of enhancing our understanding of many of those diseases by studying disease models in frogs."
VOA: special.2010.06.29
so it's quite theatrical. So we have models dressing up in costumes
它很戏剧化。所以,我们有穿着戏服的模特,
"So the idea was to recognize these great inventors, hold them up as role models for young people, and help young people see that aspiring to be an inventor is a great thing."
VOA: standard.2009.12.18
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