In the beginning German nationalism was aimed at fighting against oppression and completing national unification, and later it was transmuted into chauvinism.

近代德国民族主义从反对民族压迫、要求民族统一，蜕变为以扩张为特征的民族沙文主义，问题在于其原因与后果之间存在相悖现象。

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Bonaparte destroyed the Holy Roman Empire, but that made possible the unification of Germany and the deadly mutation of Prussian nationalism.

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