The company showed a profit in its third quarter, it reported on November 2nd, with underlying profits up 18% year-on-year.

据公司11月2日公布的三季报显示，其基础利润按年增长18%。

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When the market is complete, the present value of any derivative security is equivalent to mathematical expectation of its underlying profit discount value under equivalent martingale measurement.

当市场是完备时，任意衍生证券的现值等于该证券未来收益折现值在等价鞅测度下的数学期望。

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Rolls-Royce has said only that underlying pre-tax profit growth should be slightly lower than the 4-5% it had signalled last summer.

劳斯莱斯已经对外暗示税前的利润增长率应该会略低于去年夏季所公布的4-5%。

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It managed to increase its underlying profit margins, but only thanks to cost cuts.

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The company also said it had improved efficiency through economies of scale, which enhanced underlying profit margins.

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Historically, they have retained the nature and classification of the underlying profit, which has meant a highly beneficial capital gains treatment.

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