That figure captures some underground finance but not all of it.

这一数据涵盖了一些地下资本，但并不完全。

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Case of WenZhou's underground finance, Case of Japan and Korea's master bank can all prove the conclusion.

温州地下金融的初级阶段与日韩主银行制的案例证明了这一结论。

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On one hand, the underground finance promotes the economy, on the other hand, it harm the formal finance .

地下金融一方面促进了经济增长，另一方面对正常的经济金融构成危害。

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As a result, private companies have been forced to borrow from underground finance companies at often usurious interest rates.

FORBES: Junk Bonds Come To China

Mr Livingstone's preferred alternative is a bond issue to finance much-needed investment in the Underground, which would remain wholly publicly owned.

ECONOMIST: The London Underground

Ajit Chambers is a former City of London banker who quit finance to set up the Old London Underground Company in 2009, which is leasing the subterranean land from the city.

BBC: Reawakening the Underground