Under English libel law, a plaintiff must prove only that material is defamatory; the defendant then has to justify it, usually on grounds of truth or fairness.

根据英国诽谤法，原告必须首先证明实质性证据的确是污蔑性的，然后被告才说明是否合理，一般必须秉持真实性或公平性。

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During the 1998 financial crisis it denied hedge-fund losses, and later justified this apparent economy with the truth on the grounds that the speculative vehicle with which it indeed lost lots was not, strictly speaking, a hedge fund.

ECONOMIST: The extraordinary edginess of crowds