要旨 ：近代以来，“朝贡体系”（tribute system）与“条约体系”（Treaty system）在东亚遭遇。其后，两大体系间彼此冲突、相互缠绕，给东亚地区带来了前所未有的裂变。
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费正清于1960年代末出版了两部著作，描写了条约体制（treaty system）与 朝贡体制 （ tribute system ）的两元对立，提出冲击―回应模式。
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grain tribute system of china 晚清漕运制度
Local Tribute System 土贡制度
And The Tribute System 和朝贡制度
Tribute System of Koryo Women 贡女制度
In the Ming and Ch’ing dynasties, the tribute system had been developed into its peak, and the East Asian "hua-yi" order (the Sino-barbarian order) in which China were centered, was formed.
明清时期，朝贡制度臻于完善，并以此为手段形成以中国为核心的东亚“华夷秩序”。
参考来源 - 明清朝贡制度研究·2,447,543篇论文数据，部分数据来源于NoteExpress
Tribute system is an important frame in all feudalism period of China based on its ritual and value system.
围绕其建立形成的礼仪规范和价值体系——“贡制”，是贯穿中国封建社会始终的重要脊骨。
The tribute system of Mongolian aristocracy formed and increasing feudal separated jurisdiction in Mongol area.
但蒙古贵族传统的分封制，导致了蒙古地区封建割据的形成和泛滥；
Therefore, when it was faced with the exterior huge impact, the East Asian conferment and tribute system inevitably disintegrated comprehensively.
当东亚封贡体系面临外部巨大冲击时，必然走向全面瓦解。
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