Payments to the contractors, each of which probably requires its own transaction in the accounts, call for a certification of work completed and the payment made.

付款给承包方需要已完成工作和已付款的确认证明，每个承包方都需要在会计账务中反映自己的交易。

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If electronic signature is supposed to guard the transaction technically, then electronic certification is organizational support based on such a technical support.

如果说电子签名是对交易安全的技术保障，那么电子认证则是建立在这种技术保障上的组织保障。

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From such aspects as transaction process, topology framework, security certification process, settlement route, it points out problems of the present third party online payment mode.

从第三方在线支付的交易流程、拓扑结构、安全认证流程、清算路径等方面来分析，指出目前的第三方在线支付模式存在的问题。

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But the sticking point, says Phillip Merrick, boss of webMethods, one of the pioneers in the field, has been the many other fiddly but necessary protocols for security, transaction certification, and so on.

ECONOMIST: The future of computing