This matches the lowest 36-hole total at the home of golf, set by eventual winner Nick Faldo and Greg Norman in 1990.

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There will also be more shops with a narrower focus, including a total of 31 devoted to Mr Urban's beloved golf, hitherto an exclusive sport in Germany.

ECONOMIST: KarstadtQuelle

"It's the shopping center, golf course and the smaller towers that, in total, make it work economically, " Klemencic says.

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