Web services can be created using two approaches: top-down development and bottom-up development.

Web服务可以通过两种方法来生成：自顶向下的开发和自底向上的开发。

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The top-down development pattern encompasses the following development steps as illustrated in Figure 2

自顶向下的开发模式包括以下开发步骤（如图 2 所示）

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According to the software engineering principle, this system adopted modular design ideals and top-down development tactics.

在开发过程中根据软件工程原则，采用模块化的设计思想和自顶向下的开发策略。

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But a clutch of Western development officials I've been talking to all acknowledge that the "Madonna Incident" points towards a more general shift - already in progress - away from the top-down aid of past decades and towards a new focus on policy development, partnership and business.

BBC: Madonna, Malawi and the infamous attack