It is common in object-oriented development to abstract out a common interface that may have multiple implementations and write code that works with the interface, making it more reusable.

在面向对象的开发中，有一种实践很常见：抽象出一个可能拥有多个实现的接口并编写代码以使用该接口，从而使其可以重复利用。

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Personally, I find it much easier to read and write attribute-oriented XML formats than subelement-oriented ones.

从个人角度来讲，我发现阅读和编写面向属性的xml格式要比面向子元素的容易得多。

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Prior to the advent of aspect-oriented programming (AOP), however, it was difficult to write certain kinds of tests for crosscutting behavior such as security, transaction management, or persistence.

不过，在面向方面编程（AOP）出现之前，为横切行为（如安全、事务管理或者持久性）编写测试很困难。

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