And with technological innovation and improvement sure to continue, keeping up is crucial and at the same time expensive.

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There is another important dynamic in which technological innovation draws on previous research, and so firms are more likely to continue on established innovation trajectories than to start new ones.

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But if healthcare costs continue growing and technological innovation in this area improves the economic pressure will be on lawmakers to allow this, insurance companies to promote it, and individuals to abide by it.

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