Most of the web-tier testing frameworks follow black-box testing approach where developers write test classes using the web components to verify the rendered HTML output is what is expected.

多数web层的测试框架遵循黑盒测试方式，开发者用web组件编写测试类来验证渲染的HTML输出是否符合预期。

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As your project matures, you can lean on the compiler and test framework as you refactor into an n-tier, enterprise-grade application. Or not.

随着项目的成熟，在把应用系统重构为n -层企业级别的应用系统时，你可以依赖或者不依赖编译器和测试框架。

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One, while we choose to implement a two-tier approach for production purposes, we did test Portal Enable on single-tier system and it worked flawlessly.

第一件，虽然出于生产目的，我们选择实现两层方法，但我们在单层系统上测试了Portal Enable，它运行良好。

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There has been some talk about Bangladesh dropping down as part of a two-tier Test system and I favour that, but only with a top tier of nine.

BBC: Jonathan Agnew column

The minimum tier one capital ratio needed to pass the test is 5%.

BBC: Ally Financial sign

In stress test results released last Thursday, Citigroup and Fifth Third Bancorp were projected by the Fed to have Tier 1 common equity ratios in excess of 8.0% in a stressed economic scenario of a deep recession, 12%-plus unemployment, a 20% slump in housing prices, and a 52% drop in U.S. stock markets.

FORBES: Buffett Buyback Math Key to Post Stress Test Bank Earnings