In most localities a given species of clam or coral persists essentially unchanged throughout a thick formation of rock, only to be replaced suddenly by a new and different species.

在大多数地方，某一种蛤蜊或珊瑚在厚厚的岩层中保持基本不变，只是突然被一个新的不同的物种所取代。

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When mud cake is thick, formation permeability and shear wave slowness evaluated from the attenuation of the amplitude of Stoneley wave are wrong.

当泥饼层较厚时，用斯通利波幅度衰减估算的地层渗透率及提取的横波时差是错误的结果。

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Think about what this advancement has meant just in terms of access to the resources: When drilling into a hydrocarbon bearing formation 100 feet thick, vertical drilling would allow an operator to contact 100 feet of rock, which would limit your potential recovery to whatever oil or gas would flow into that length of pipe.

FORBES: Horizontal Drilling: A Technological Marvel Ignored

About 14 million years ago, a period of climate change caused the formation of the Antarctic ice sheet, which averages one mile in thickness and gets up to three miles thick in some parts.

BBC: How Antarctica works