In each of these places, a great array of cultural forces, both local and external, lent a unique, often bittersweet texture to daily life, at least when cosmopolitanism was at its height.

三者中的每一处，地方的和外来的各种文化力量都给人们日常生活添加了独特的神韵，期间大多有苦有甜。至少在城市国际化进程到达顶峰时如此。

youdao

These included the widespread use of surrogate local forces and the distribution of patronage.

BBC: Farewell to the general